粒子过滤是针对多种顺序推断任务的标准蒙特卡洛方法。粒子过滤器的关键成分是一组具有重要性权重的粒子，它们可以作为某些随机过程的真实后验分布的代理。在这项工作中，我们提出了连续的潜在粒子过滤器，该方法将粒子过滤扩展到连续时域。我们证明了如何将连续的潜在粒子过滤器用作依赖于学到的变异后验的推理技术的通用插件替换。我们对基于潜在神经随机微分方程的不同模型家族进行的实验表明，在推理任务中，连续时间粒子滤波在推理任务中的卓越性能，例如似然估计和各种随机过程的顺序预测。

数据不平衡，其中多个数据样本来自一小部分标签，在训练深层神经网络方面构成了挑战。与分类不同，在回归中，标签是连续的，潜在的无限，并形成自然排序。回归的这些独特功能要求采用新技术，以利用标签空间关系中编码的其他信息。本文介绍了深度不平衡回归的Ranksim（排名相似性）正常化程序，该调节器编码一种感应偏置，该偏差在标签空间中更接近的样品在特征空间中也应该更接近。与最近基于分布平滑的方法相反，RankSIM捕获附近和遥远的关系：对于给定的数据样本，RankSIM鼓励其在标签空间中的邻居排序列表，以匹配其特征空间中邻居的排序列表。 Ranksim与常规不平衡的学习技术相辅相成，包括重新加权，两阶段培训和分配平滑，并在三个不平衡的回归基准上提高最先进的性能：IMDB-WIKI-DIR，年龄B-DIR，AgeDB-DIR，AgeDB-DIR，AGENDB-DIR，EAGENDB-DIR，，和STS-B-DIR。

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

The external visual inspections of rolling stock's underfloor equipment are currently being performed via human visual inspection. In this study, we attempt to partly automate visual inspection by investigating anomaly inspection algorithms that use image processing technology. As the railroad maintenance studies tend to have little anomaly data, unsupervised learning methods are usually preferred for anomaly detection; however, training cost and accuracy is still a challenge. Additionally, a researcher created anomalous images from normal images by adding noise, etc., but the anomalous targeted in this study is the rotation of piping cocks that was difficult to create using noise. Therefore, in this study, we propose a new method that uses style conversion via generative adversarial networks on three-dimensional computer graphics and imitates anomaly images to apply anomaly detection based on supervised learning. The geometry-consistent style conversion model was used to convert the image, and because of this the color and texture of the image were successfully made to imitate the real image while maintaining the anomalous shape. Using the generated anomaly images as supervised data, the anomaly detection model can be easily trained without complex adjustments and successfully detects anomalies.

There is no settled universal 3D representation for geometry with many alternatives such as point clouds, meshes, implicit functions, and voxels to name a few. In this work, we present a new, compelling alternative for representing shapes using a sequence of cross-sectional closed loops. The loops across all planes form an organizational hierarchy which we leverage for autoregressive shape synthesis and editing. Loops are a non-local description of the underlying shape, as simple loop manipulations (such as shifts) result in significant structural changes to the geometry. This is in contrast to manipulating local primitives such as points in a point cloud or a triangle in a triangle mesh. We further demonstrate that loops are intuitive and natural primitive for analyzing and editing shapes, both computationally and for users.

We study the capabilities of speech processing systems trained simply to predict large amounts of transcripts of audio on the internet. When scaled to 680,000 hours of multilingual and multitask supervision, the resulting models generalize well to standard benchmarks and are often competitive with prior fully supervised results but in a zero-shot transfer setting without the need for any fine-tuning. When compared to humans, the models approach their accuracy and robustness. We are releasing models and inference code to serve as a foundation for further work on robust speech processing.

A diffusion model learns to predict a vector field of gradients. We propose to apply chain rule on the learned gradients, and back-propagate the score of a diffusion model through the Jacobian of a differentiable renderer, which we instantiate to be a voxel radiance field. This setup aggregates 2D scores at multiple camera viewpoints into a 3D score, and repurposes a pretrained 2D model for 3D data generation. We identify a technical challenge of distribution mismatch that arises in this application, and propose a novel estimation mechanism to resolve it. We run our algorithm on several off-the-shelf diffusion image generative models, including the recently released Stable Diffusion trained on the large-scale LAION dataset.

Very large language models such as GPT-3 have shown impressive performance across a wide variety of tasks, including text summarization. In this paper, we show that this strong performance extends to opinion summarization. We explore several pipeline methods for applying GPT-3 to summarize a large collection of user reviews in a zero-shot fashion, notably approaches based on recursive summarization and selecting salient content to summarize through supervised clustering or extraction. On two datasets, an aspect-oriented summarization dataset of hotel reviews and a generic summarization dataset of Amazon and Yelp reviews, we show that the GPT-3 models achieve very strong performance in human evaluation. We argue that standard evaluation metrics do not reflect this, and evaluate against several new measures targeting faithfulness, factuality, and genericity to contrast these different methods.

To ensure the safety of railroad operations, it is important to monitor and forecast track geometry irregularities. A higher safety requires forecasting with a higher spatiotemporal frequency. For forecasting with a high spatiotemporal frequency, it is necessary to capture spatial correlations. Additionally, track geometry irregularities are influenced by multiple exogenous factors. In this study, we propose a method to forecast one type of track geometry irregularity, vertical alignment, by incorporating spatial and exogenous factor calculations. The proposed method embeds exogenous factors and captures spatiotemporal correlations using a convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM). In the experiment, we compared the proposed method with other methods in terms of the forecasting performance. Additionally, we conducted an ablation study on exogenous factors to examine their contribution to the forecasting performance. The results reveal that spatial calculations and maintenance record data improve the forecasting of the vertical alignment.

在对关键安全环境的强化学习中，通常希望代理在所有时间点（包括培训期间）服从安全性限制。我们提出了一种称为Spice的新型神经符号方法，以解决这个安全的探索问题。与现有工具相比，Spice使用基于符号最弱的先决条件的在线屏蔽层获得更精确的安全性分析，而不会不适当地影响培训过程。我们在连续控制基准的套件上评估了该方法，并表明它可以达到与现有的安全学习技术相当的性能，同时遭受较少的安全性违规行为。此外，我们提出的理论结果表明，在合理假设下，香料会收敛到最佳安全政策。